Coming one year into the Carney government’s mandate, last week’s fiscal and economic update did more than clarify the country’s finances. It showed how Ottawa now intends to use federal spending to pursue a far more expansive national vision — one that will test the institutional foundations of the federation itself.

For Quebec, it raises an immediate question: how to respond as this model of federal action accelerates ahead of a fall provincial election where a sovereignty referendum will be on the ballot.

This is not new. Ottawa has long used its spending power to shape national policy, from the creation of universal health care under St. Laurent, Pearson and Trudeau to Martin and Harper’s national infrastructure programs.

What is different today is not the tool, but how far and how quickly it is being pushed.

What the Carney government’s fiscal update makes clear is that this trajectory is now being accelerated and integrated into a broader governing approach. Ottawa is no longer simply responding to crises or cushioning economic shocks. It is acting with the explicit objective of reorienting the Canadian economy.

Industrial policy, energy strategy, housing, food security, major infrastructure and skills training are presented not as discrete initiatives, but as elements of a coordinated national project — one that increasingly extends into areas of provincial jurisdiction.

The clearest illustration is housing. Under the Housing Accelerator Fund, Ottawa has tied funding to changes in local planning rules — pushing municipalities to increase density, accelerate approvals and revise zoning practices. Federal spending is now being used to shape land-use decisions — one of the most granular expressions of provincial and municipal authority.

Today this national ambition extends from the macroeconomic to the local. Federal action now spans global supply chains and community-level programs, positioning Ottawa not only as a backstop, but as a planner, defining priorities and shaping how they are implemented on the ground.

None of this has occurred through formal constitutional change. Instead, it reflects a sustained and largely unchallenged use of the federal spending power to alter the practical balance of the federation.

There was a time when this would have triggered a forceful reaction, particularly in Quebec. As recently as the 1995 referendum, federal use of the spending power and its encroachment into provincial jurisdictions were central issues. In the years that followed, political efforts were made to place guardrails around that power, most notably through the 1999 Social Union Framework Agreement.

That reflex has since weakened, and not by accident.

Repeated crises have helped entrench a different political dynamic. Beginning with the 2008 recession, Ottawa positioned itself as the government of last resort, deploying large-scale infrastructure spending to sustain economic activity. That pattern deepened during the pandemic and has continued in the face of growing geopolitical uncertainty. Over time, this has created a powerful expectation: when conditions deteriorate, it is the federal government that steps in.

For provincial governments, including Quebec, this has clear advantages. Federal spending flows into areas of provincial responsibility without requiring provinces to bear the full fiscal or political burden. Ottawa becomes the focal point of intervention, while political costs are diffused.

The federal spending power has long operated within an implicit bargain: when federal priorities align with those of Quebec, cooperation follows. When they do not, the federation’s guardrails — most notably the ability to opt out with compensation – were meant to preserve provincial autonomy.

In recent years, Quebec has shown increasing reluctance to assert that distinction. The expansion of federal action is no longer consistently tested against the question of alignment; it is often accepted as a matter of course.

That shift raises a more fundamental question. Does it reflect a deeper convergence — a Quebec more comfortable within an increasingly assertive Canadian state? Or does it point to something more transactional: a political calculus in which the immediate benefits of federal spending and the ability to offload both fiscal pressure and political accountability, have begun to outweigh the longer-term imperative of preserving autonomy?

The answer matters, because it will shape how Quebec responds as the federal government pushes further.

As the province moves toward a fall election, the Carney government’s ambitions may inject new momentum into debates over Quebec’s future and force its political class to confront a question it has, in practice, deferred: whether to accommodate or to resist.